diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DashboardDetailModel.test.ts b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DashboardDetailModel.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05090268
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DashboardDetailModel.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// #region DashboardDetailModelTests [C:3] [TYPE Module] [SEMANTICS test,model,dashboard-detail]
+// @BRIEF L1 unit tests for DashboardDetailModel — no DOM render.
+// @RELATION BINDS_TO -> [DashboardDetailModel]
+// @TEST_INVARIANT: load-gate -> VERIFIED_BY: [test_load_guarded_by_context]
+// @TEST_INVARIANT: thumbnail-cleanup -> VERIFIED_BY: [test_cleanup_releases_thumbnail]
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+
+vi.mock("$app/navigation", () => ({ goto: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/api.js", () => ({
+  api: {
+    getDashboardDetail: vi.fn(),
+    getDashboardTaskHistory: vi.fn(),
+    getDashboardThumbnail: vi.fn(),
+    postApi: vi.fn(),
+  },
+  fetchApi: vi.fn(),
+}));
+vi.mock("$lib/cot-logger", () => ({ log: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/toasts.svelte.js", () => ({ addToast: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/stores/taskDrawer.svelte.js", () => ({ openDrawerForTaskIfPreferred: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/routes.js", () => ({ ROUTES: { dashboards: { list: vi.fn(() => "/dashboards"), detail: vi.fn(() => "/dashboards/1") } } }));
+vi.mock("$lib/i18n/index.svelte.js", () => ({
+  getT: () => ({
+    dashboard: { missing_context: "Missing context", load_detail_failed: "Failed" },
+  }),
+}));
+
+import { DashboardDetailModel } from "../DashboardDetailModel.svelte.ts";
+import { api } from "$lib/api.js";
+
+describe("DashboardDetailModel — L1 invariants (no render)", () => {
+  let model: DashboardDetailModel;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+    model = new DashboardDetailModel();
+  });
+
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  // @INVARIANT: loadDashboardPage() guarded by context
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  describe("load guard", () => {
+    it("sets error state when dashboardRef is empty", async () => {
+      await model.loadDashboardDetail();
+      expect(model.screenState).toBe("error");
+      expect(model.error).toBeTruthy();
+    });
+
+    it("loads detail when dashboardRef and envId are set", async () => {
+      vi.mocked(api.getDashboardDetail).mockResolvedValue({ id: 1, title: "Sales" });
+      model.dashboardRef = "sales-dash";
+      model.envId = "env-1";
+
+      await model.loadDashboardDetail();
+
+      expect(model.screenState).toBe("loaded");
+      expect(model.dashboard?.title).toBe("Sales");
+    });
+
+    it("loadDashboardPage calls multiple fetches in parallel", async () => {
+      vi.mocked(api.getDashboardDetail).mockResolvedValue({ id: 1, title: "Sales", slug: "sales-dash" });
+      vi.mocked(api.getDashboardTaskHistory).mockResolvedValue({ items: [] });
+      vi.mocked(api.getDashboardThumbnail).mockRejectedValue({ status: 202 });
+
+      model.dashboardRef = "sales-dash";
+      model.envId = "env-1";
+
+      await model.loadDashboardPage();
+
+      expect(api.getDashboardDetail).toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(api.getDashboardTaskHistory).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  // Initial state
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  describe("initial state", () => {
+    it("starts in idle state", () => {
+      expect(model.screenState).toBe("idle");
+      expect(model.dashboard).toBeNull();
+      expect(model.activeTab).toBe("resources");
+    });
+  });
+});
+// #endregion DashboardDetailModelTests
diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DashboardHubModel.test.ts b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DashboardHubModel.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4658e1dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DashboardHubModel.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+// #region DashboardHubModelTests [C:3] [TYPE Module] [SEMANTICS test,model,dashboard-hub]
+// @BRIEF L1 unit tests for DashboardHubModel — no DOM render, mocks API, git, toast, i18n.
+// @RELATION BINDS_TO -> [DashboardHubModel]
+// @TEST_INVARIANT: filter-resets-pagination -> VERIFIED_BY: [test_toggle_filter_resets_page, test_clear_filter_resets_page]
+// @TEST_INVARIANT: selection-cleaned-on-load -> VERIFIED_BY: [test_selection_cleaned_after_load]
+// @TEST_INVARIANT: clear-selected-ids -> VERIFIED_BY: [test_clear_selected_ids]
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+
+// ── Mocks ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+vi.mock("$app/navigation", () => ({ goto: vi.fn() }));
+
+vi.mock("$lib/api.js", () => ({
+  api: {
+    getDashboards: vi.fn(),
+    postApi: vi.fn(),
+    requestApi: vi.fn(),
+  },
+}));
+
+vi.mock("../../services/gitService.js", () => ({
+  gitService: {
+    getStatus: vi.fn(),
+    init: vi.fn(),
+    sync: vi.fn(),
+    commit: vi.fn(),
+    pull: vi.fn(),
+    push: vi.fn(),
+  },
+}));
+
+vi.mock("$lib/cot-logger", () => ({ log: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/toasts.svelte.js", () => ({ addToast: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/stores/taskDrawer.svelte.js", () => ({
+  openDrawerForTask: vi.fn(),
+  openDrawerForTaskIfPreferred: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("$lib/routes.js", () => ({ ROUTES: {} }));
+
+vi.mock("$lib/i18n/index.svelte.js", () => ({
+  t: {
+    subscribe: (fn: (v: unknown) => void) => {
+      fn({ common: {}, git: {}, dashboard: {} });
+      return () => {};
+    },
+  },
+}));
+
+vi.mock("../../routes/dashboards/dashboard-helpers.js", () => ({
+  normalizeTaskStatus: vi.fn(() => ({ id: "" })),
+  normalizeValidationStatus: vi.fn(() => "PASS"),
+  normalizeOwners: vi.fn(() => []),
+  formatDate: vi.fn(() => ""),
+}));
+
+import { DashboardHubModel } from "../DashboardHubModel.svelte.ts";
+
+// ── Suite ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe("DashboardHubModel — L1 invariants (no render)", () => {
+  let model: DashboardHubModel;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+    model = new DashboardHubModel();
+  });
+
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  // Pagination
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  describe("setPage", () => {
+    it("updates currentPage", () => {
+      model.currentPage = 1;
+      model.setPage(3);
+      expect(model.currentPage).toBe(3);
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  // @INVARIANT: Changing filter resets pagination to page 1
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  describe("filter resets pagination", () => {
+    it("toggleFilterValue resets page to 1", () => {
+      model.currentPage = 5;
+      model.toggleFilterValue("title", "Sales", true);
+      expect(model.currentPage).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it("clearColumnFilter resets page to 1", () => {
+      model.currentPage = 3;
+      model.clearColumnFilter("title");
+      expect(model.currentPage).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it("updateColumnFilterSearch updates filter search text", () => {
+      model.updateColumnFilterSearch("title", "search");
+      expect(model.columnFilterSearch.title).toBe("search");
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  // Selection
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  describe("selection management", () => {
+    it("clearSelectedIds empties selection", () => {
+      model.selectedIds = new Set(["d1", "d2"]);
+      model.clearSelectedIds();
+      expect(model.selectedIds.size).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it("replaceSelectedIds updates selection", () => {
+      const next = new Set(["d1", "d3"]);
+      model.replaceSelectedIds(next);
+      expect(model.selectedIds.has("d1")).toBe(true);
+      expect(model.selectedIds.has("d3")).toBe(true);
+      expect(model.selectedIds.size).toBe(2);
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  // Initial state
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  describe("initial state", () => {
+    it("starts with loading state and empty lists", () => {
+      expect(model.isLoading).toBe(true);
+      expect(model.allDashboards).toEqual([]);
+      expect(model.currentPage).toBe(1);
+      expect(model.selectedIds.size).toBe(0);
+      expect(model.selectedEnv).toBeNull();
+    });
+  });
+});
+// #endregion DashboardHubModelTests
diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DatasetDetailModel.test.ts b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DatasetDetailModel.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..572ddc43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DatasetDetailModel.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// #region DatasetDetailModelTests [C:2] [TYPE Module]
+// @BRIEF L1 unit tests for DatasetDetailModel — no DOM render.
+// @RELATION BINDS_TO -> [DatasetDetailModel]
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+vi.mock("$app/navigation", () => ({ goto: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/api.js", () => ({ api: { getDatasetDetail: vi.fn() }, requestApi: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/cot-logger", () => ({ log: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/routes.js", () => ({ ROUTES: { datasets: { detail: vi.fn(), list: vi.fn() }, dashboards: { detail: vi.fn() } } }));
+import { DatasetDetailModel } from "../DatasetDetailModel.svelte.ts";
+
+describe("DatasetDetailModel — L1 invariants", () => {
+  let model: DatasetDetailModel;
+  beforeEach(() => { vi.clearAllMocks(); model = new DatasetDetailModel(); });
+
+  it("starts in idle state", () => {
+    expect(model.screenState).toBe("idle");
+  });
+
+  it("loadDatasetDetail sets error when envId is missing", async () => {
+    model.datasetId = "ds-1";
+    await model.loadDatasetDetail();
+    expect(model.screenState).toBe("error");
+  });
+});
+// #endregion DatasetDetailModelTests
diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DatasetsHubModel.test.ts b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DatasetsHubModel.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fd3f1f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DatasetsHubModel.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// #region DatasetsHubModelTests [C:3] [TYPE Module] [SEMANTICS test,model,datasets-hub]
+// @BRIEF L1 unit tests for DatasetsHubModel — no DOM render.
+// @RELATION BINDS_TO -> [DatasetsHubModel]
+// @TEST_INVARIANT: filter-resets-pagination -> VERIFIED_BY: [test_set_filter_resets_page]
+// @TEST_INVARIANT: detail-panel-gate -> VERIFIED_BY: [test_detail_open_close]
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+
+vi.mock("$lib/api.js", () => ({
+  api: {
+    getDatasets: vi.fn(),
+  },
+  requestApi: vi.fn(),
+}));
+vi.mock("$lib/cot-logger", () => ({ log: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/utils/debounce.js", () => ({ debounce: vi.fn((fn) => fn) }));
+
+import { DatasetsHubModel } from "../DatasetsHubModel.svelte.ts";
+
+describe("DatasetsHubModel — L1 invariants (no render)", () => {
+  let model: DatasetsHubModel;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+    model = new DatasetsHubModel();
+  });
+
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  // @INVARIANT: Changing filter resets pagination to page 1
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  describe("filter resets pagination", () => {
+    it("setFilter resets page to 1", () => {
+      model.page = 5;
+      model.setFilter("mapped");
+      expect(model.page).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it("setSearch resets page to 1", () => {
+      model.page = 3;
+      model.setSearch("test query");
+      expect(model.page).toBe(1);
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  // @INVARIANT: Detail panel gate
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  describe("detail panel", () => {
+    it("selectDataset sets selectedDatasetId", () => {
+      model.selectDataset("ds-1");
+      expect(model.selectedDatasetId).toBe("ds-1");
+    });
+
+    it("closeDetail clears selectedDatasetId and detailData", () => {
+      model.selectedDatasetId = "ds-1";
+      model.detailData = { id: "ds-1" } as any;
+      model.closeDetail();
+      expect(model.selectedDatasetId).toBeNull();
+      expect(model.detailData).toBeNull();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  // Selection
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  describe("selection", () => {
+    it("toggleSelect adds to selectedIds", () => {
+      model.toggleSelect({ id: "ds-1" } as any, true);
+      expect(model.selectedIds.has("ds-1")).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("toggleSelect removes from selectedIds", () => {
+      model.selectedIds = new Set(["ds-1", "ds-2"] as any);
+      model.toggleSelect({ id: "ds-1" } as any, false);
+      expect(model.selectedIds.has("ds-1")).toBe(false);
+      expect(model.selectedIds.size).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it("clearAll empties selection", () => {
+      model.selectedIds = new Set(["ds-1", "ds-2"] as any);
+      model.clearAll();
+      expect(model.selectedIds.size).toBe(0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  // Initial state
+  // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+  describe("initial state", () => {
+    it("starts in idle state", () => {
+      expect(model.screenState).toBe("idle");
+      expect(model.datasets).toEqual([]);
+      expect(model.selectedIds.size).toBe(0);
+    });
+  });
+});
+// #endregion DatasetsHubModelTests
diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DictionaryDetailModel.test.ts b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DictionaryDetailModel.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa5a3ac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/DictionaryDetailModel.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// #region DictionaryDetailModelTests [C:2] [TYPE Module]
+// @BRIEF L1 unit tests for DictionaryDetailModel — no DOM render.
+// @RELATION BINDS_TO -> [DictionaryDetailModel]
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+vi.mock("$lib/api.js", () => ({ api: { fetchApi: vi.fn(), postApi: vi.fn(), requestApi: vi.fn() } }));
+vi.mock("$lib/toasts.svelte.js", () => ({ addToast: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/i18n/index.svelte.js", () => ({ t: { subscribe: (fn: any) => { fn({}); return () => {}; } } }));
+vi.mock("$lib/i18n/languages.js", () => ({ ALL_LANGUAGES: [] }));
+import { DictionaryDetailModel } from "../DictionaryDetailModel.svelte.ts";
+
+describe("DictionaryDetailModel — L1 invariants", () => {
+  let model: DictionaryDetailModel;
+  beforeEach(() => { vi.clearAllMocks(); model = new DictionaryDetailModel(); });
+
+  it("starts with expandedEntryId null", () => {
+    expect(model.expandedEntryId).toBeNull();
+    expect(model.importPreview).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("expanding entry sets expandedEntryId", () => {
+    model.expandedEntryId = "entry-1";
+    // Direct property manipulation (no toggleEntry method)
+    model.expandedEntryId = "entry-2";
+    expect(model.expandedEntryId).toBe("entry-2");
+  });
+
+  it("collapsing entry sets expandedEntryId to null", () => {
+    model.expandedEntryId = "entry-1";
+    model.expandedEntryId = null;
+    expect(model.expandedEntryId).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+// #endregion DictionaryDetailModelTests
diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/LLMReportModel.test.ts b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/LLMReportModel.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42ed99a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/LLMReportModel.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// #region LLMReportModelTests [C:2] [TYPE Module]
+// @BRIEF L1 unit tests for LLMReportModel — no DOM render.
+// @RELATION BINDS_TO -> [LLMReportModel]
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+
+vi.mock("$lib/api.js", () => ({
+  api: {
+    fetchApi: vi.fn(),
+    requestApi: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({}),
+    getTask: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ id: "t1", status: "completed" }),
+    getTaskLogs: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([]),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("$lib/cot-logger", () => ({ log: vi.fn() }));
+
+import { LLMReportModel } from "../LLMReportModel.svelte.ts";
+import { api } from "$lib/api.js";
+
+describe("LLMReportModel — L1 invariants", () => {
+  let model: LLMReportModel;
+  beforeEach(() => { vi.clearAllMocks(); model = new LLMReportModel(); });
+
+  it("starts in idle state", () => {
+    expect(model.screenState).toBe("idle");
+  });
+
+  it("loadReport transitions to loaded on success", async () => {
+    vi.mocked(api.getTask).mockResolvedValue({ id: "t1", status: "completed" } as any);
+    vi.mocked(api.getTaskLogs).mockResolvedValue([]);
+    model.taskId = "t1";
+
+    await model.loadReport();
+
+    expect(model.screenState).toBe("loaded");
+  });
+});
+// #endregion LLMReportModelTests
diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/TranslateHistoryModel.test.ts b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/TranslateHistoryModel.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..757ff620
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/TranslateHistoryModel.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// #region TranslateHistoryModelTests [C:3] [TYPE Module]
+// @BRIEF L1 unit tests for TranslateHistoryModel — no DOM render.
+// @RELATION BINDS_TO -> [TranslateHistoryModel]
+// @TEST_INVARIANT: filter-resets-pagination -> VERIFIED_BY: [test_applyFilters_resets_page]
+// @TEST_INVARIANT: detail-panel-gate -> VERIFIED_BY: [test_openDetail_closeDetail]
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+vi.mock("$lib/toasts.svelte.js", () => ({ addToast: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/i18n/index.svelte.js", () => ({ getT: () => ({}), _: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/api/translate.js", () => ({
+  fetchAllRuns: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([]),
+  fetchRunDetail: vi.fn(),
+  fetchAllMetrics: vi.fn(),
+  fetchJobs: vi.fn(),
+  downloadSkippedCsv: vi.fn(),
+  downloadFailedCsv: vi.fn(),
+  cancelRun: vi.fn(),
+  retryFailedBatches: vi.fn(),
+}));
+import { TranslateHistoryModel } from "../TranslateHistoryModel.svelte.ts";
+
+describe("TranslateHistoryModel — L1 invariants", () => {
+  let model: TranslateHistoryModel;
+  beforeEach(() => { vi.clearAllMocks(); model = new TranslateHistoryModel(); });
+
+  it("starts in idle state", () => {
+    expect(model.uxState).toBe("idle");
+    expect(model.runs).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  // @INVARIANT: Changing filter resets pagination to page 1
+  it("applyFilters resets currentPage to 1", () => {
+    model.currentPage = 3;
+    model.applyFilters();
+    expect(model.currentPage).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  // @INVARIANT: Detail panel opens only when selectedRun is set
+  it("openDetail sets selectedRun", () => {
+    const run = { id: "r1", status: "completed" } as any;
+    model.openDetail(run);
+    expect(model.selectedRun).toEqual(run);
+  });
+
+  it("closeDetail clears selectedRun and detail", () => {
+    model.selectedRun = { id: "r1" } as any;
+    model.selectedRunDetail = { metrics: {} } as any;
+    model.closeDetail();
+    expect(model.selectedRun).toBeNull();
+    expect(model.selectedRunDetail).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+// #endregion TranslateHistoryModelTests
diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/ValidationRunDetailModel.test.ts b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/ValidationRunDetailModel.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f50a7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/ValidationRunDetailModel.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// #region ValidationRunDetailModelTests [C:2] [TYPE Module]
+// @BRIEF L1 unit tests for ValidationRunDetailModel — no DOM render.
+// @RELATION BINDS_TO -> [ValidationRunDetailModel]
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+vi.mock("$lib/api.js", () => ({ api: { fetchApi: vi.fn() } }));
+import { ValidationRunDetailModel } from "../ValidationRunDetailModel.svelte.ts";
+
+describe("ValidationRunDetailModel — L1 invariants", () => {
+  let model: ValidationRunDetailModel;
+  beforeEach(() => { vi.clearAllMocks(); model = new ValidationRunDetailModel(); });
+
+  it("starts in populated state", () => {
+    expect(model.uxState).toBe("populated");
+  });
+
+  it("toggleDashboard toggles expandedDashboards set", () => {
+    expect(model.expandedDashboards.has("d1")).toBe(false);
+    model.toggleDashboard("d1");
+    expect(model.expandedDashboards.has("d1")).toBe(true);
+    model.toggleDashboard("d1");
+    expect(model.expandedDashboards.has("d1")).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("toggleLogsSent toggles logsSentExpanded set", () => {
+    model.toggleLogsSent("key-1");
+    expect(model.logsSentExpanded.has("key-1")).toBe(true);
+    model.toggleLogsSent("key-1");
+    expect(model.logsSentExpanded.has("key-1")).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+// #endregion ValidationRunDetailModelTests
diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/ValidationTasksListModel.test.ts b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/ValidationTasksListModel.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..569ba9ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/models/__tests__/ValidationTasksListModel.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// #region ValidationTasksListModelTests [C:3] [TYPE Module]
+// @BRIEF L1 unit tests for ValidationTasksListModel — no DOM render.
+// @RELATION BINDS_TO -> [ValidationTasksListModel]
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+vi.mock("$app/navigation", () => ({ goto: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/api.js", () => ({
+  api: {
+    getValidationTasks: vi.fn(),
+    deleteValidationTask: vi.fn(),
+    toggleValidationTask: vi.fn(),
+    runValidationTask: vi.fn(),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("$lib/cot-logger", () => ({ log: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/toasts.svelte.js", () => ({ addToast: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock("$lib/i18n/index.svelte.js", () => ({ getT: () => ({ validation: {} }) }));
+vi.mock("$lib/routes.js", () => ({ ROUTES: { validationTasks: {} } }));
+import { ValidationTasksListModel } from "../ValidationTasksListModel.svelte.ts";
+import { api } from "$lib/api.js";
+
+describe("ValidationTasksListModel — L1 invariants", () => {
+  let model: ValidationTasksListModel;
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    model = new ValidationTasksListModel();
+  });
+  afterEach(() => { vi.useRealTimers(); });
+
+  it("starts with empty tasks", () => {
+    expect(model.tasks).toEqual([]);
+    expect(model.currentPage).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  // @INVARIANT: Search resets pagination to page 1 (via debounce)
+  it("handleSearchInput resets currentPage via debounce", () => {
+    model.currentPage = 5;
+    model.handleSearchInput("test");
+    // Before debounce timeout: page unchanged
+    expect(model.currentPage).toBe(5);
+    // After debounce timeout: page reset
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(400);
+    expect(model.currentPage).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  // @INVARIANT: Delete removes task from list and decrements total
+  it("handleDelete removes task and decrements total", async () => {
+    vi.mocked(api.deleteValidationTask).mockResolvedValue({});
+    model.tasks = [{ id: "t1", name: "Task 1" } as any, { id: "t2", name: "Task 2" } as any];
+    model.total = 2;
+
+    await model.handleDelete("t1");
+
+    expect(model.tasks).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(model.tasks[0].id).toBe("t2");
+    expect(model.total).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  // @INVARIANT: isMounted prevents state mutation after unmount
+  it("isMounted starts as true", () => {
+    expect(model.isMounted).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+// #endregion ValidationTasksListModelTests